Other ncRNAs, such as HOTAIR ( Rinn et al., 2007 Chu et al., 2011), HOTTIP ( Wang et al., 2011), and enhancer RNAs ( Sigova et al., 2015), have been shown to regulate expression of specific genes by localizing to chromatin and recruiting activating or repressing proteins.
In female mammals, Xist is expressed from a single X-chromosomal locus and coats the X chromosome from which it is expressed in order to silence transcription ( Augui et al., 2011). In Drosophila, roX1 and roX2 are part of the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex that coats the single male X chromosome to acetylate histone H4K16 and increase transcription ( Conrad and Akhtar, 2012). Some of the most well studied ncRNAs are those involved in dosage compensation, which include roX1 and roX2 in Drosophila and Xist in mammals. Much of the eukaryotic genome is transcribed into non-coding RNA (ncRNA), and several studies have established that a subset of these ncRNAs form ribonucleoprotein complexes that bind and regulate chromatin ( Guttman and Rinn, 2012 Meller et al., 2015 Cech and Steitz, 2014).
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